Additionally, several studies have even reported that high Hb levels during pregnancy could also be a predictor or cause of some pregnancy complications. Observational studies have found that anemia during pregnancy is associated with detrimental pregnancy outcomes, including preterm birth, low birth weight, infection and hemorrhage. According to the World Health Organization, anemia is diagnosed when a blood test shows an Hb value of less than 110 g/L in pregnant women. Hemoglobin (Hb) measurement is a standard test among pregnant women during the first perinatal visit that is used to evaluate physical status and anemia. Thus, predicting GDM, PE, and preterm birth is essential and imperative for improving the health quality of populations. Furthermore, children who are born prematurely have a higher risk of cerebral palsy, cardiovascular disease, pulmonary illnesses or psychological diseases, and these conditions can persist throughout life. Preterm birth is a major determinant of neonatal death or child loss. Additionally, preterm birth, which accounts for 11.1% of live births worldwide, is also an important concern during pregnancy. Previous epidemiological studies have shown that GDM and PE occur in 9.3%–25.5% and 0.2–9.2% of pregnancies, respectively, in different global populations. Furthermore, they may result in adverse consequences for the health of both the mother and offspring later in life. Both GDM and PE contribute significantly to maternal, fetal and neonatal morbidity and mortality. Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and pre-eclampsia (PE) are two of the most common complications during pregnancy. These findings suggest that Hb levels during early pregnancy play a role in predicting the risk of GDM, PE and preterm birth. (3) After adjusting for confounders, the risks for GDM and PE increased with high maternal Hb (OR: 1.27 for Hb 130–149 OR: 2.06 for Hb ≥ 150 g/L), and the risk for preterm birth decreased with high maternal Hb (OR: 1.30 for Hb 130–149 OR: 2.38 for Hb ≥ 150 g/L) and increased with low maternal Hb (OR: 1.41 for Hb 150 g/L (OR: 2.33). (2) Women with GDM and PE had significantly increased Hb levels during early pregnancy compared with controls, whereas women with preterm birth processed significantly decreased Hb levels. The level of statistical significance was set at 0.05. Odds ratios were generated using a multivariate logistic regression analysis to evaluate the relative risk of GDM, PE and preterm birth continuously and across different hemoglobin ranges in the overall population and in women from different pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) categories, respectively.
The demographic data and medical information of each participant were collected individually through questionnaires and patient medical records. MethodsĪ hospital-based retrospective study was conducted among 21,577 singleton, non-smoking pregnancies between June 2013 and January 2015. This study aimed to determine whether Hb levels in early pregnancy were associated with the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), pre-eclampsia (PE) and preterm birth. However, studies focusing on Hb levels and pregnancy outcomes are scarce.
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